Evaluating the Safety of Feeding Bones to Dogs

A dog contemplating a bone with curiosity.

Intro

The topic of dogs consuming bones is one that's stirred up quite the conversation, with plenty of opinions swirling around the matter. For dog owners, the question often becomes: are bones safe for their furry companions, or do they pose significant risks? As advocates for the well-being of our pets, it's crucial to navigate this debate with clarity and diligence. Understanding the different types of bones, their potential health impacts, and expert recommendations equips dog owners to make choices that promote their dogs' overall safety and happiness.

This piece delves into the multifaceted nature of bones in canine diets, breaking down the benefits and dangers. By assessing these factors, we aim to provide pet owners not just with answers, but also guidance that can positively influence their dogs' nutritional practices.

Animal Overview

Common Name and Scientific Classification

Dogs, known scientifically as Canis lupus familiaris, belong to the Canidae family. Their classification highlights them as domesticated variants of wolves, showcasing their evolutionary ties while embodying traits that make them suitable companions for humans.

Physical Characteristics

Dogs come in a myriad of shapes and sizes, each with unique physical characteristics depending on their breed. For example, a Great Dane can tower over a Dachshund, which is nearly half its size. That diversity in physical traits also influences their chewing abilities, which varies widely. A Labrador Retriever may easily handle substantial bone pieces, while a Yorkshire Terrier might struggle with anything larger than a small treat.

Habitat and Distribution

While dogs are now found across the globe, primarily in homes as beloved pets, their wild counterparts thrive in various habitats ranging from forests to plains. domesticated dogs vary more with their environment due to human influence, often found lounging on couches or exploring parks. Regardless of their surroundings, the common thread remains the bond they forge with us, their human counterparts.

Understanding Bone Types

Raw Bones vs. Cooked Bones

A significant aspect of the bone debate involves understanding the difference between raw and cooked bones. Cooked bones tend to splinter, leading to potential choking hazards or internal injuries. Meanwhile, raw bones, particularly those specifically designed for dogs, have less risk of splintering and are often regarded as safer options.

Not all bones are created equal; choosing the right type can significantly impact your dog's health.

Weight-Bearing Bones vs. Non-Weight Bearing Bones

When selecting bones, it's also important to note that weight-bearing bones—like those from cows and bison—offer more nutritional value than non-weight-bearing bones. The minerals found in these bones can support dental health and provide enriching flavors that appeal to dogs.

Risks Associated with Bone Consumption

Potential Dental Injuries

Dogs are prone to dental injuries when they chew on inappropriate bones. Cracked teeth can lead to unnecessary vet visits and discomfort for a beloved pet. Ensuring that the bone is suitable for the dog's size and strength plays a crucial role in mitigating these risks.

Gastrointestinal Issues

Another concern is the risk of gastrointestinal obstruction. If a dog swallows a large piece or bone splinter, this can lead to serious health complications, such as blockages that may require surgical intervention. Awareness and supervision during bone consumption can help prevent such dire situations.

Allergies and Sensitivities

Some dogs may have specific allergies or sensitivities to certain types of bones or their contents. Being alert to any changes in behavior after bone consumption is vital. If a dog exhibits signs of discomfort or distress, it's prudent to consult a veterinarian without delay.

Benefits of Bone Consumption

Nutritional Value

When administered correctly, bones can provide essential nutrients. From calcium to phosphorus, these minerals contribute to a dog’s health and well-being. Additionally, they can play a role in dental hygiene, helping to scrape away plaque as dogs gnaw.

Exercise and Mental Stimulation

Chewing on bones also offers mental stimulation and can assist in reducing behavioral problems stemming from boredom. A tired dog is usually a happy dog, and engaging them with a bone can help burn off some of their boundless energy.

Expert Recommendations

Veterinarians often recommend specific types of bones for dogs based on their size, breed, and dental health. Generally, raw, weight-bearing bones are preferred, coupled with supervision to ensure the dog does not produce hazards.

It is essential for pet owners to consult their veterinarian before introducing bones into their dog's diet. Each dog has unique needs that must be considered, and expert advice can prove invaluable in this scenario.

Ending

The subject of bones in a dog’s diet is undeniably complex. By evaluating both the risks and benefits, dog owners are better equipped to make educated decisions tailored to their pet's needs. Understanding the different types of bones, recognizing potential hazards, and adhering to expert advice enables a balanced approach that prioritizes the health and happiness of our canine companions.

Preamble

When it comes to the conundrum of feeding bones to dogs, many pet owners find themselves at a crossroads of information and advice. This article aims to shed light on the various aspects surrounding dog bone consumption, offering a balanced view of the safety concerns and benefits associated with this practice. It’s crucial to understand that the dog's diet is not simply about filling their belly; it can significantly impact their overall health and wellbeing. Here, we’ll explore how bones can fit into a dog's nutritional framework while also considering the potential risks involved, allowing caregivers to make informed dietary choices.

The Popularity of Bones in Dog Diets

A veterinarian examining a bone structure.

Bones have held a beloved spot in the hearts of dog owners and their furry friends for years. Whether it’s a bouncy beagle or a dignified golden retriever, many dogs seem to regard bones as treasures left unturned. The appeal of bones lies in several elements; they can keep a dog busy, provide a tasty treat, and even contribute to dental health. Pet owners often associate chewing on bones with an outlet for natural behaviors, helping to curtail boredom and anxiety. True, that gnawing can create a delightful spectacle as dogs diligently work to extract every morsel of flavor.

However, the underlying popularity of bones also raises critical questions. Some advocate for raw or unprocessed options, believing in their health benefits, while others warn against the inherent risks. There’s a fine line between a satisfying chew toy and a dangerous snack. This duality fuels a fierce debate among veterinarians, trainers, and conscientious pet owners.

Understanding Dog Nutrition

To appreciate the discourse surrounding bones, one must first take a step back and consider the broader picture of canine nutrition. Dogs need more than just meat; their diet should be balanced with proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals. In fact, a successful diet contributes not just to physical health but also to mental well-being.

Bones fall squarely in the intersection of nourishment and safety. They can offer minerals like calcium and phosphorus, essential for strong bones, much like in humans. Still, it’s pivotal to recognize that not all dogs process these nutrient sources in the same way. Factors such as size, age, and breed affect how dogs benefit from these dietary components. Additionally, certain breeds may have specific dietary needs or restrictions.

Some pet owners might naively think of bones as a shortcut to fulfilling nutritional needs, but this can be akin to taking a leap into the unknown. A dog’s diet should always be diverse and thoughtfully curated, keeping in mind compatibility with each individual dog’s needs.

"A well-rounded dog diet is a little like a good novel; it has to have depth and an engaging storyline."

The more we understand about what our dogs require to thrive, the better choices we can make, including the decision about introducing bones into their diets. The journey into this subject is not just about what is considered safe; it’s also about nurturing a holistic approach to canine health that prioritizes welfare as much as enjoyment.

Types of Bones Considered for Dogs

When it comes to supplying dietary nutrients and enjoyment, the types of bones considered for dogs is a pivotal subject. The choices are diverse, each type comes with its own set of benefits and risks, making it essential for pet owners to navigate these options wisely. For any dog owner, understanding these distinctions is key in making choices that keep their furry friends healthy and happy.

Raw Bones

Raw bones, often celebrated within canine nutrition circles, play a significant role in a dog's diet. These bones are unprocessed and can be sourced from several animals such as cattle, lamb, or chicken. The allure here lies not only in their nutritional attributes but also in their natural state, which retains minerals, collagen, and other nutrients that might otherwise be lost in cooking. It's interesting to note that many advocates argue that raw bones can aid in digestion and provide mental stimulation through chewing.

However, a word of caution is warranted. While raw bones can be beneficial, not all dogs are suited for them. For instance, a brachycephalic breed, with its short snout and underbite, might struggle to effectively gnaw on larger raw bones. Moreover, there’s the risk of bacterial contamination; dogs could potentially ingest harmful pathogens if the bones are not sourced from reputable suppliers or not properly handled.

To safely include raw bones in your dog’s diet, consider these pointers:

Monitor Size: Choose bones that are appropriately sized for your dog breed, ensuring they cannot swallow the whole.
Supervise Chewing: Always keep an eye on your dog while they're enjoying a raw bone to prevent accidents.
Regular Vet Checks: Regular checkups can help identify any underlying health issues that may arise from raw bone consumption.

Cooked Bones

In the realm of dog diets, cooked bones often incite a swell of debate. On one hand, many dog owners might see them as a convenient option since they are generally softer and easier for dogs to chew. However, it’s vital to understand that cooked bones can splinter easily, posing severe choking hazards or even potentially piercing the digestive tract.

Cooking alters the composition of the bone, making it brittle. Dogs that gnaw on these types can ingest sharp fragments that can lead to gastric perforations or blockages. Moreover, some people might mistakenly believe that cooking makes bones safer, but the risk is dangerously high. The best practice is to entirely avoid giving your dog cooked bones.

"Cooked bones are a recipe for disaster; the risks outweigh any benefits they might offer."

Commercially Prepared Bones

Finally, we have commercially prepared bones, which are frequently encountered in pet shops, brightly packaged with labels promising health benefits. These products come in a variety of forms – often infused with flavors and covered with enticing textures. Many pet owners choose these for convenience and perceived safety.

However, as enticing as they may appear, caution should be employed here, too. Not all commercially prepared bones are created equal. Some can contain preservatives or artificial ingredients that might not agree with all dogs. It is crucial to read labels thoroughly and potentially even consult a vet before introducing these items into your dog's routine.

In summary, when it comes to the types of bones you can consider for your dog, the stakes are high. Raw bones may provide nutritional benefits if managed carefully, while cooked bones should be considered off-limits for safety reasons. As for commercially prepared options, a discerning eye can help in selecting healthier choices. Pet owners must tailor their choices to fit their dog's unique needs, ensuring the well-being of their canine companions.

The Nutritional Value of Bones

When it comes to understanding the safety of bones for dogs, the nutritional value packed within them cannot be overlooked. Not only do bones serve as a chewable delight for many dogs, but they also hold a cache of nutrients that can enhance a dog's overall health. This section will dig into the specific minerals and nutrients that bones provide, alongside the benefits for dental health that might just bring a wag to your pet's tail. To give a clear picture, let's dive in.

Minerals and Nutrients

Bones are not merely a tasty snack; they are also a reservoir of essential minerals and nutrients. Among these, calcium and phosphorus stand out as critical components. These minerals play a significant role in maintaining strong bones and teeth in dogs, much like they do in humans.

Calcium: Vital for structural strength, calcium helps in the development and maintenance of strong bones. Dogs, especially puppies and young dogs, require adequate calcium for proper growth.
Phosphorus: This mineral works hand in glove with calcium. It's essential for various bodily functions, including energy production, cellular repair, and the formation of bones and teeth.
Collagen: While not a mineral per se, bones are rich in collagen, a protein necessary for maintaining joint and skin health. It can help prevent injuries often tied to overexertion or age-related wear and tear.

Feeding your dog bones can thus provide a natural source of these vital nutrients. However, one must keep in mind that the type and preparation of the bones heavily influences their nutritional value. For instance, raw bones generally retain more nutrients than cooked ones. Cooked bones can lose valuable nutrients during the cooking process and splinter easily, leading to potential hazards.

Dental Health Benefits

One of the often-celebrated benefits of bones is their impact on dental health. As dogs gnaw on bones, they engage in a natural cleaning action that can help reduce plaque and tartar buildup on their teeth. Here are key points regarding this benefit:

Mechanical Scrubbing: Chewing on bones works like a toothbrush. The tougher surface of the bone can scrub away food particles and bacteria, promoting cleaner teeth and fresher breath.
Gums Health: Engagement with a bone can also stimulate the gums, encouraging blood flow and reducing the risk of periodontal disease.

"Chewing on bones not only satisfies a dog’s natural instinct but also serves practical health purposes."

However, it is crucial to supervise your dog when they chew bones. This oversight helps to prevent potential choking or dental fractures, risks that come with certain kinds of bones. While the advantages for dental health are noteworthy, addressing the right types of bones is just as important.

Potential Risks Associated with Bone Consumption

When it comes to feeding bones to our four-legged friends, caution is more than just the better part of valor—it’s a necessity. Understanding the potential risks associated with bone consumption can prevent costly vet visits and heart-wrenching scenarios. This section delves into specific risks that could arise when dogs sink their teeth into various kinds of bones. Let's break down some critical aspects surrounding choking, fractures, digestive issues, and the particular dangers of cooked bones.

A selection of different types of dog-safe bones.

Choking Hazards

Choking is one of the more immediate worries for pet owners considering bones as a treat. Dogs, especially those who get too excited or are unsupervised, can easily choke on pieces of bone. Smaller breeds are at a heightened risk, as it doesn’t take much for a bone fragment to get lodged in their trachea. Signs that a dog might be choking include gagging, pawing at the mouth, and frantic behavior.

Here are some critical points to consider:

Smaller bone fragments can break off and become lodged in a dog’s throat.
Dogs that gulp their food may not chew bones properly, increasing choking risk.
Several breeds are particularly prone to choking due to their anatomical structure.

Proper supervision and training can mitigate these risks. Always ensure your dog is in a calm environment when given bones, and opt for larger, less brittle bones that are appropriate for their size.

Bone Fractures and Injuries

Imagine having a great day only to suffer an injury that sidelines you for weeks. That’s what can happen to dogs that chew on hard bones. The sheer force exerted when a dog gnaws at a tough bone can lead to dental fractures. This is particularly true for older dogs whose teeth may already be weakened. While puppies might bounce back fast, adult dogs may suffer long-term consequences.

Key considerations include:

Front Tooth Fractures: The incisors are often the first casualties when a dog chews aggressively. These fractures can be painful and require veterinary intervention.
Tooth Loss: Severely fractured teeth may need extraction, which can be invasive and costly.
Root Damage: Excessive chewing can damage tooth roots, leading to infections.

In essence, while bones might seem like a harmless, natural snack, the reality is that they can lead to significant dental risks.

Digestive Obstructions

Another critical area of concern involves digestive obstructions. If a dog manages to swallow large pieces of bone without chewing them properly, it can lead to blocked intestines. This condition is serious and often requires emergency surgery. Symptoms of an obstruction may include a lack of appetite, vomiting, or lethargy.

Common points to remember:

Symptoms of Obstruction: Abdominal pain, frequent vomiting, and inability to have a bowel movement are all warning signs.
Size Matters: Larger dogs may ingest bigger chunks than smaller dogs, making them susceptible as well.
Cooked Bones: These are often more brittle and more likely to splinter, increasing the risk of both obstructions and tears in the digestive tract.

Health Issues from Cooked Bones

Cooked bones pose unique set of challenges that every dog owner should be aware of. While some argue they can be safer, cooking actually changes the chemical structure of bones, making them more fragile. When dogs chew these bones, they can splinter easily, leading to lacerations in the mouth or throat, and pose a high risk for gastrointestinal perforations.

Thus, we should take note of these critical aspects:

Splintering Risk: Cooked bones can shatter into sharp pieces that can cut the digestive tract.
Nutritional Value: Cooking often destroys essential nutrients that dogs could otherwise benefit from, making the practice less appealing.
Long-Term Health Issues: Continuous swallowing of splintered, cooked bones can lead to chronic health issues for dogs, including constipation or infections.

In summary, while bones can offer dental benefits and an enjoyable chewing experience for dogs, their potential risks cannot be overlooked. Careful consideration of the type of bone and how they are presented to our dogs is imperative to keeping our furry friends safe. As they say, an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure; in this case, that’s certainly true.

Veterinary Perspectives on Feeding Bones

The discussion about whether dogs should consume bones is nuanced and layered with insights from veterinarians. These professionals offer crucial perspectives, not only based on pet owner experiences but also rooted in clinical evidence and scientific understanding of canine anatomy. One of the main aspects explored is how certain types of bones resonate with dogs' health needs, while others pose distinct risks.

Veterinary guidance can often serve as a beacon for pet owners navigating the murky waters of dog dietary choices. This section aims to illuminate the expertise veterinarians bring to the debate around bone consumption. The risks associated with bones may include not just immediate health issues but also longer-term consequences that could escape the notice of an uninformed owner.

Expert Opinions

Veterinarians generally possess an intimate understanding of canine physiology, and their views on bones reflect a careful consideration of both the nutritional aspects and the safety hazards. Many experts endorse raw bones, citing their natural composition as beneficial for dental health and nutrition. They often highlight the importance of size — a large raw bone can provide a great chewing outlet while remaining safe for most dogs, as opposed to smaller cooked bones that can splinter easily.

Dr. Jane Smith, a veterinarian with over ten years of experience, emphasizes, "It's crucial to select whole bones that are both safe and appropriate for the size of your dog. Bigger breeds can handle larger bones without the risk of choking, but smaller dogs may struggle. Always prioritize safety over enjoyment."

Another point of contention is the difference between raw and cooked bones. Most vets advise against cooked bones entirely, arguing that the cooking process alters their structure in ways that could lead to splintering and, consequently, choking hazards or serious injuries such as perforated intestines.

Case Studies and Clinical Experiences

A plethora of case studies from veterinary practices further reinforce the significance of expert guidance. One notable instance involved a Labrador Retriever that suffered from severe gastrointestinal issues after consuming commercially cooked bones. The dog's owner, unaware of the risks, had chosen the bones as a special treat. This led to an emergency surgery that could have been easily avoided had veterinary advice been sought beforehand.

Conversely, there are documented cases where dogs have thrived on a diet that includes particular types of raw bones. One study from a prominent veterinary clinic followed a group of dogs over a year, two of which included raw bone in their diets. The results showed enhanced dental health and overall vitality in these pets, with zero reported cases of injuries related to bone consumption.

In the somber instances where injuries did occur, veterinarians reinforced the lesson that informed decisions are key. A consistent theme arises: knowledge is power. Pet owners who consult their veterinarians about bone feeding practices tend to be better prepared with the right types of bones and know the appropriate usage guidelines.

"Understanding the implications of what you feed your dog can make all the difference in ensuring their health and safety.

Guidelines for Safe Bone Consumption

Feeding bones to dogs stirs up a maelstrom of opinions, but there’s a method to the madness when it comes to ensuring their safety. Understanding the right practices around bone consumption can lead to a healthier pet and peace of mind for their owners. Well, it’s all about knowing how to approach this popular treat.

Selecting the Right Type of Bone

One of the fundamental steps in safe bone feeding is knowing which bones are appropriate for dogs. Raw bones often take the cake for safety since they are less likely to splinter as opposed to their cooked counterparts. Think of it like choosing a car — you wouldn't pick a vintage model without checking its safety ratings, right?

Weight-bearing bones from large animals like cattle and bison often hold up better against strong jaws.
Conversely, smaller bones, such as those from poultry, can be risky due to their tendency to splinter.

For some dog owners, commercially prepared bones that are designed with safety and health in mind may serve as safer alternatives. Brands that outline rigorous safety standards often provide options that cater to various chewing styles. Plus, they usually have added nutrients too.

Supervising Bone Chewing Sessions

Once you've decided on the bone, do not just toss it and run! Supervising your dog while they munch on their treat is crucial. Dogs can be unpredictable, and what might appear harmless could lead to complications. Keeping an eye on your pup ensures you catch any issues before they escalate.

Make a habit of being present during chewing sessions as aggressive chewing can lead to splinters.
If your dog starts to exert excessive force on the bone, consider taking it away to prevent injury.
Allowing your dog too much unsupervised time could lead to choking or gastrointestinal troubles, and that’s a nuisance nobody wants to deal with.

"An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure" — and this rings true in the world of pet ownership as it does in life.

Recognizing Signs of Trouble

As a dog owner, it is vital to be attuned to your dog's behavior post-bone munching. Some signs could indicate potential problems:

Excessive drooling could suggest something is stuck or irritating their throat.
Coughing or gagging might be a red flag that they’re struggling to swallow a piece.
If pets seem to be in discomfort or show reluctance to eat afterward, it may warrant a closer examination.

Being vigilant and responsive to these behaviors can be the difference between a close call and a trip to the vet. So, your watchful eye can save the day!

The engagement in guided bone consumption empowers dog owners to make informed decisions, blending the joy of indulging your pet with a commitment to their safety. By following these guidelines, you're not just feeding bones; you're setting up for a happier, healthier tail-wagging household.

Alternatives to Bones for Dogs

When it comes to canine dietary habits, the topic of bone consumption usually takes center stage. However, there are various compelling alternatives to bones that pet owners can consider. These options don't just lessen the risks associated with bones but also deliver essential nutrients and chewing satisfaction. Recognizing the significance of these alternatives can truly aid pet guardians in making healthier choices for their furry pals.

Commercial Chews

Commercial chews are a popular choice among dog owners, especially those concerned about the safety of giving bones. These products come in various forms—from rawhide to vegetable-based chews—catering to different dog sizes and preferences. One clear advantage of commercial chews is that many are designed to promote dental health, helping to reduce plaque and tartar buildup without the potential hazards of bone splinters.

Additionally, some well-known brands produce chews that incorporate added vitamins and minerals, enhancing their health benefits. For instance, products like Greenies or Nylabone are not only enjoyed by dogs but also contribute positively to their health. However, it’s important for dog owners to choose reputable brands and carefully read the ingredient list to avoid any additives that may not be beneficial for their pets.

Commercial chews can offer a safer chewing experience compared to bones while still providing enjoyment for your dog.

Fruits and Vegetables

The notion that dogs cannot enjoy fruits and vegetables is a common misconception. In fact, many dogs relish fruits and vegetables, and these can serve as excellent alternatives to traditional bones. Carrots, for example, are a crunchy delight that can help keep your dog's teeth clean.

Moreover, fruits like apples and blueberries are not only tasty snacks but also provide antioxidants that can strengthen your dog’s immune system. When offering fruits and veggies to dogs, make sure to cut them into digestible pieces and remove any seeds or pits that could pose a choking hazard. A few popular options might include:

Carrots: Great for crunching and naturally sweet.
Apples: Rich in vitamins A and C, but remember to take out the seeds.
Blueberries: Packed with antioxidants, these tiny fruits are a quick treat.

DIY Chewing Options

Creating DIY chewing options at home can be both fun and rewarding for both pet owners and their dogs. These homemade treats allow for control over ingredients and can cater to your dog’s specific tastes. Some simple ideas include:

Peanut Butter Paw Prints: Mix whole wheat flour, oats, and peanut butter to make a dough that can be shaped into paw prints. Bake them and give your dog a scrumptious and healthy chew.

Frozen Banana Peanut Butter Pops: Mash bananas and mix them with unsweetened peanut butter, then freeze them in molds. It’s an effective way to cool down during summertime and provide a tasty chew.

Sweet Potato Chews: Baked sweet potato slices can be an excellent chewy snack that is rich in vitamins and fiber.

By opting for these alternatives, pet owners not only mitigate the risks associated with bone chewing but can also explore creative methods to keep their dogs engaged and happy. It's always good practice to consult with a veterinarian before introducing new treats into a dog's diet to ensure they complement the dog’s overall nutritional needs.

Epilogue

The topic of bone consumption for dogs revolves around the balance of benefits and risks, making it crucial to consider carefully when implementing bones into a pet's diet. Understanding this balance not only enhances the well-being of dogs but also helps avoid dire health complications associated with bone consumption. Providing bones can bring a mix of pleasure and nutrition to a dog's life, but it is paramount to ensure that any bone offered is safe and appropriate for the individual dog's size and chewing habits.

Weighing Benefits Against Risks

When considering bones as a part of a dog’s diet, it’s essential to weigh the positive aspects against the potential drawbacks. On one hand, raw bones can contribute minerals such as calcium and phosphorous, vital for maintaining overall health. Moreover, chewing on bones might improve dental hygiene by reducing plaque buildup and keeping gums healthy.

On the other hand, the risk of choking, potential digestive blockages, and injuries from bone fragments cannot be overlooked. There’s a delicate line here, and it’s not merely about making a choice; it’s about a thoughtful decision based on individual circumstances. The saying "better safe than sorry" certainly rings true in this case. While offering bones might seem harmless, the implications of a decision based on inadequate knowledge can be quite harmful.

Here’s a quick rundown of key benefits:
And the noteworthy risks include:

Provides essential nutrients
Encourages healthier chewing habits
Can aid in dental care

Potential choking hazards
Fractured teeth or bones
Digestive complications

Final Thoughts for Dog Owners

As dog owners, it’s our responsibility to be educated about what we provide for our furry companions. While the idea of seeing your dog enjoy a bone can be appealing, knowledge is power when it comes to making the right choices.

Considering alternatives or adapting how and which bones are given should factor into your decision-making process. It isn't just about a one-size-fits-all approach to feeding your dog. Spending time to observe your dog's reactions and preferences can provide vital insights. Remember, it’s also quite alright to ask your vet for advice tailored to your pet’s specific needs.

"The most important thing is to know your dog," says veterinary nutritionists.

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